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Cultural Preservation and Historical Memory in Dir Kohistan: The Role of the Hashmi Museum The preservation of cultural heritage and historical memory in Dir Kohistan constitutes an urgent and critical academic and societal concern. Cultural identity, when not systematically documented and safeguarded, is vulnerable to gradual erosion, particularly in regions undergoing political and administrative transformations. Despite the gravity of this issue, a considerable number of educated and influential members of society have historically failed to recognize the importance of conserving the cultural and civilizational legacy of the Kohistani people. Historical evidence indicates that a pivotal moment in the decline of Dir’s material heritage occurred during the post-independence period. The former ruler of Dir State, Nawab Shah Jehan, declined to accede to the merger of Dir with Pakistan. Consequently, a covert military operation was initiated, culminating in his arrest by the Pakistan...